At some point or another, we have all been told that
littering is wrong. In elementary school, you avoided being labeled a Litter
Bug. As an adult in Washington State, you can get a $1,204 ticket for throwing
a cigarette butt out your window. And all around us are the social pressures to
do the right thing, to “Give a hoot, don’t pollute.” Why are Washingtonians so
adamant about keeping their environment clean? To answer that question, we need
to look no further than the shores of our lakes, our oceans and our streams.
All of this Stuff that we throw on the ground and think of as gone because we
no longer have to deal with it, one way or another it all makes its way into
our water. Yes, our water, the number one thing needed to sustain our life and
we’re throwing our garbage into it. It doesn’t stop there, either.
Turtles
often mistake plastic grocery bags for jellyfish, a tasty treat (left),
Mollusks have made a home on plastic and glass bottles (right)
Animals often eat our litter,
mistaking it for food. One study of plastics washed up on shore noted a
significantly smaller number of red and yellow plastics, the most likely to be
mistaken for food. There have been multiple studies of dead seabirds on shore,
and almost all of them had plastics in their stomachs. One albatross had over
1,600 pieces of plastic in its stomach. Eating the garbage makes the animal
feel satiated, but since the synthetic materials are unable to be broken down
in the stomach the animal soon dies of starvation. More than one million
seabirds, 100,000 marine mammals and countless fish die in the North Pacific
each year, either from mistakenly eating our garbage or from being ensnared in
it.
Just
two examples of dead seabirds found with plastics in their stomachs
The garbage that doesn’t get eaten
floats out to sea, following the current of the ocean. Due to the patterns of
currents in the ocean, most of the garbage gets carried to the same place where
it collects in garbage patches. The closest one to us is the Great Pacific
Garbage Patch, or the North Pacific Gyre, off the shore of California. The gyre
was discovered accidentally in 1997 by Captain Charles Moore who has been
studying it ever since. The garbage patch extends from just off the coast of
California all the way to China, making it bigger than the continental United
States. Some samples of the gyre collected by Moore contained 6X more plastic
than plankton. Despite illegal dumping into the seas, 80% of the Oceans’ litter
originates onshore. That means we could have easily prevented 80% of the
garbage patch just by disposing of our litter properly!

Furthermore, the molecular
structure of plastic resists biodegradation. It can be broken down into smaller
and smaller pieces by the elements, but even one single molecule of plastic is
too tough to biodegrade. Since their
introduction 144 years ago, scientists are still unsure how long it will take
for plastics to break down to their core elements. You might be thinking, at
least the plastics are small enough that they won’t be harmful to animals
anymore. Unfortunately, this isn’t true. The smaller pieces of plastic are
being eaten by small fish and plankton that live in the garbage patch. Additionally,
these microscopic pieces of plastic act as magnets for toxins and chemicals
found in the water. Some pieces of plastic accumulate toxins at 100x the
concentration of the surrounding water. When these super-toxic plastics are
eaten by fish and other animals, the toxins are stored in their fatty tissue
where they cannot break down. In turn, the toxins that have accumulated in that
fish over its lifespan get passed on to the animal that eats him, and the
animal that eats him and the cycle continues on and on until it reaches the top
of the food chain: us. I don’t know about you, but I don’t like the idea of my
healthy fish dinner turning into a toxic wasteland.


A man paddles his way through a sea of garbage (left), Captain Charles Moore
shows a sample of the gyre (right)
So, what can you do? Well first of all if you litter,
stop doing that! If your friends litter, don’t just let it go, speak up. That
goes for cigarette butts, too. Cigarette butts are the most common piece of
litter found and they, too, are made of plastics. You can also attend one of
the Trashy Tuesday Campus Clean Up days here on campus or Kayak Clean Up Day on
Lake Union. See the Service Learning page for more info. Those are just two
examples we have on campus, but there are many more available in your community
if you do a quick internet search. Another thing you can do is recycle,
recycle, recycle. Every piece of trash you recycle is one less piece that ends
up in our oceans or in a landfill. It is important to be conscious of our
waste. When you buy a product, think about how much packaging it has and how
much waste you will create by using it. Is it worth it? Is there a more
environmentally-friendly alternative? Most importantly, educate yourself. The
more you know about these kinds of issues, and the more people that know, the
more we can do to change and prevent it. Cleaning our oceans will be a project
worked on by generations to come, so we better get started.
Here are some more tips to reduce plastic consumption
and exposure to toxins during the upcoming Holiday season (and every day!)
·
Use
reusable glass or stainless steel containers to store leftovers instead of
plastic tupperware
·
Transport
leftovers with easily recycleable tinfoil over plastic wrap
·
Use
paper tape to wrap and ship packages
·
Look
for consumer goods that aren’t packaged with excess plastic (bonus points if
the packaging is recycled or recyclable!)
·
Use
reusable shopping bags for all of your holiday shopping, not just for groceries
·
Try
to avoid single-serve beverages in plastic containers, try to buy larger
portions or in safer aluminum cans or glass bottles
·
Use
alternative holiday decorations – make your own or check out local thrift stores
·
Do not use chlorine bleach for household cleaning or laundry.
Hydrogen peroxide is a safe alternative; it breaks down to water and oxygen.
Distilled white vinegar works well too, and the smell doesn’t linger
·
Eat organically grown food.
·
Always
avoid heating food in plastic containers, the heat causes chemicals to leech
out of the plastic and into your food
written by :
Kyli Rhynalds
Waste Streams Specialist
Green Team Students Sustainability Advocates
Sources
[4]
http://www.tacoma.uw.edu/features/research/microplastic-macroproblem
[5]
http://www.badlani.com/blog/2007/09/10/obesity-impotence-cancer-%E2%80%A6-still-want-to-use-plastic-bags/
[6]
http://www.tacoma.uw.edu/features/research/microplastic-macroproblem
[7]
http://www.ecologycenter.org/factsheets/plastichealtheffects.html
[8]
http://www.doobybrain.com/2008/02/08/vortex-of-trash-in-the-pacific-ocean/
[9]
http://www.badlani.com/blog/2007/09/10/obesity-impotence-cancer-%E2%80%A6-still-want-to-use-plastic-bags/